Sensation Seeking Scale感觉追求量表（Haynes等，2000）

简介

感觉追求（Sensation Seeking）的概念早已引起了学姐的研究兴趣，早在二十世纪六十年代初，Zuckerman等(1964）就开始致力于制定首个感觉追求量表。此后，感觉追求量表得到了不断更新发展。第一个量表（Form I）由50个项目组成，随后发展出了第二个量表（Form II）（Zuckerman等，1964）。在这一阶段，研究者只对感觉追求的一般特征感兴趣，但是后续的研究显示感觉追求的结构更复杂，由多个维度组成（Farley，1967）。所有形式的感觉寻求量表都使用了二分制的强制选择答案格式，直到Form VI使用3点的答案，为参与者提供了更多的选择。而Form V目前仍然是最受欢迎和广泛使用的感觉寻求量表之一，许多研究者为Form V的跨文化和跨性别研究的信度提供了实证依据，研究表明该量表还有待细化。Haynes等（2000）认为感觉寻求量表Form V的因子结构可能是合理的，但是一些项目还有待检验。
继Form V、VI等之后，Arnett（1994）设想开发一个新的量表（AISS），旨在克服Form V的缺陷，从社会环境与生物倾向相互作用的角度来探索感觉寻求的测量方法。量表包含与美国文化相关的项目，采用李克特四点量表的形式,包括刺激和经验的新颖度（novelty）和强度（intensity）两个子量表，由10个项目组成。Haynes等（2000）认为这些项目与美国样本具有文化相关性，但对其他人群来说可能并不适用。
考虑到感觉追求量表的Form V和AISS的局限性时，Haynes等（2000）认为需要进一步的研究来评估量表的信度和维度，以及感觉寻求的潜在构造。

信度与效度

参加者由822名本科生组成，年龄范围为18-72岁，平均年龄24.8岁，其中女性为615名，男性204名，3名参与者缺乏性别数据。参与者完成了修订的感觉寻求量表Form V（Sensation Seeking Scale Form V ，SSSV：Zuckerman，1994）和Arnett感觉寻求清单（the Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking ，AISS：Arnett，1994）。使用LISREL 8.20分析数据，分析方法是首先将数据随机分成两半，然后使用模型迭代方法（a model generational approach）用一半的数据进行验证性因子分析（简称样本1）。如果要测试的初始模型没有提供足够的数据，修改指数（the modification indices ，MI）和标准化预期参数（standardised expected parameter changes，SEPCs）就会被用于修正模型；为了避免利用机会的问题，该模型然后使用数据集的后半部分（称为样本2），并入附加参数重新进行估计。
对AISS的分析表明，强度子量表的项目10,14和16以及新颖度子量表的项目3,13,15和17需要从后续分析中删除，项目8和11的唯一方差相关性参数需要被添加到模型中。这样模型的χ^{2/df=2.19（138/63）（样本1），1.92（121/63）（样本2），P<0.001，RMSEA=0.055（样本1），0.049（样本2），NNFI=0.95（样本1、2），各个项目因子载荷都显著，在0.3以上（除了项目2和7的因子载荷为0.17）。
对SSSV的分析表明，项目8与31，项目7与27，项目24与27，项目5与24之间的唯一方差存在相关性。修改建议是允许特定项目之间独特方差的相关性。}

量表

Sensation Seeking Scale Form V revised (Zuckerman, 1994)
1. I like ‘wild’ uninhibited parties.
I prefer quiet parties with good conversation.
2. There are some movies I enjoy seeing a second or even third time.
I can’t stand watching a movie that I’ve seen before.
3. I often wish I could be a mountain climber.
I can’t understand people who risk their necks climbing mountains.
4. I dislike all body odours.
I like some of the earthy body smells.
5. I get bored seeing the same old faces.
I like the comfortable familiarity of everyday friends.
6. I like to explore a strange city or section of town by myself, even if it means getting lost.
I prefer a guide when I am in a place I don’t know well.
7. I dislike people who do or say things just to shock or upset others.
When you can predict almost everything a person will do or say he or she must be a bore.
8. I usually don’t enjoy a movie or play where I can predict what will happen in advance.
I don’t mind watching a movie or play where I can predict what will happen in advance.
9. I have tried marijuana or would like to.
I would never smoke marijuana.
10. I would not like to try any drug which might produce strange and dangerous e€ects on me.
I would like to try some of the new drugs that produce hallucinations.
11. A sensible person avoids activities that are dangerous.
I sometimes like to do things that are a little frightening.
12. I dislike ‘swingers’ (people who are uninhibited and free about sex).
I enjoy the company of real ‘swingers’.
13. I find that stimulants make me uncomfortable.
I often like to get high (drinking liquor or smoking marijuana).
14. I like to try new foods that I have never tasted before.
I order the dishes with which I am familiar, so as to avoid disappointment and unpleasantness.
15. I enjoy looking at home movies or travel slides.
Looking at someone’s home movies or travel slides bores me tremendously.
16. I would like to take up the sport of water skiing.
I would not like to take up the sport of water skiing.
17. I would like to try surf board riding.
I would not like to try surf board riding.
18. I would like to take o€ on a trip with no preplanned or definite routes, or timetable.
When I go on a trip I like to plan my route and timetable fairly carefully.
19. I prefer the ‘down to earth’ kinds of people as friends.
I would like to make friends in some of the ‘far out’ groups like artists or ‘punks’.
20. I would not like to learn to fly an aeroplane.
I would like to learn to fly an aeroplane.
21. I prefer the surface of the water to the depths.
I would like to go scuba diving.
22. I would like to meet some persons who are homosexual (men or women).
I stay away from anyone I suspect of being ‘gay or lesbian’.
23. I would like to try parachute jumping.
I would never want to try jumping out of a plane with or without a parachute.
24. I prefer friends who are excitingly unpredictable.
I prefer friends who are reliable and predictable.
25. I am not interested in experience for its own sake.
I like to have new and exciting experiences and sensations even if they are a little frightening, unconventional or illegal.
26. The essence of good art is in its clarity, symmetry of form and harmony of colours.
I often find beauty in the ‘clashing’ of colours and irregular forms of modern paintings.
27. I enjoy spending time in the familiar surroundings of home.
I get restless if I have to stay around home for any length of time.
28. I like to dive on the high board.
I don’t like the feeling I get standing on the high board (or I don’t go near it at all).
29. I like to date members of the opposite sex who are physically exciting.
I like to date members of the opposite sex who share my values.
30. Heavy drinking usually ruins a party because some people get loud and boisterous.
Keeping the drinks full is the key to a good party.
31. The worst social sin is to be rude.
The worst social sin is to be a bore.
32. A person should have considerable sexual experience before marriage.
It’s better if two married persons begin their sexual experience with each other.
33. Even if I had the money I would not care to associate with flighty rich persons like those in the ‘jet set’.
I could conceive of myself seeking pleasures around the world with the ‘jet set’.
34. I like people who are sharp and witty even if they do sometimes insult others.
I dislike people who have their fun at the expense of hurting the feelings of others.
35. There is altogether too much portrayal of sex in movies.
I enjoy watching many of the ‘sexy’ scenes in movies.
36. I feel best after taking a couple of drinks.
Something is wrong with people who need liquor to feel good.
37. People should dress according to some standard of taste, neatness and style.
People should dress in individual ways even if the effects are sometimes strange.
38. Sailing long distances in small sailing crafts is foolhardy.
I would like to sail a long distance in a small but seaworthy sailing craft.
39. I have no patience with dull or boring persons.
I find something interesting in almost every person I talk to.
40. Skiing down a high mountain slope is a good way to end up on crutches.
I think I would enjoy the sensations of skiing very fast down a high mountain slope.

Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking (Arnett, 1994)
1. I can see how it would be interesting to marry someone from a foreign country.
2. When the water is very cold, I prefer not to swim even if it is a hot day.
3. If I have to wait a long time, I’m usually patient about it.
4. When I listen to music, I like it to be loud.
5. When taking a trip, I think it is best to make as few plans as possible and just take it as it comes.
6. I stay away from movies that are said to be frightening or highly suspenseful.
7. I think it’s fun and exciting to perform or speak before a group.
8. If I were to go to an amusement park, I would prefer to ride the rollercoaster or other fast rides.
9. I would like to travel to places that are strange and far away.
10. I would never like to gamble with money, even if I could afford it.
11. I would have enjoyed being one of the first explorers of an unknown land.
12. I like a movie where there are a lot of explosions and car chases.
13. I don’t like extremely hot and spicy food.
14. In general, I work better when I’m under pressure.
15. I often like to have the T.V. on while I’m doing something else, such as reading or cleaning up.
16. It would be interesting to see a car accident happen.
17. I think it’s best to order something familiar when eating in a restaurant.
18. I like the feeling of standing next to the edge on a high place and looking down.
19. If it were possible to visit another planet or the moon for free, I would be among the first to sign up.
20. I can see how it must be exciting to be in a battle during a war.

计分方法

SSS Form V量表采取“是”或“否”两点计分法，量表包括四个维度:冒险寻求(adventure seeking，TAS,项目3、16、17、21)；失控(disinhibition ，Dis，项目1、25、29、35)；无聊易感性(boredom susceptibility，BS，项目7、24、31、34)；经验寻求(experience seeking，ES，项目14、18、26、37)。
AISS量表采用李克特四点计分法，包括强度（Intensity，项目2、4、6、8、12、18、20）和新颖度（Novelty，项目1、5、7、9、11、19）两个子量表。Haynes等（2000）建议删除原来强度子量表的项目10,14和16以及新颖度子量表的项目3,13,15和17。

量表出处

Haynes, C. A., Miles, J.N.V., & Clements, K. (2000). A confirmatory factor analysis of two models of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 823–839.

参考文献

Zuckerman, M., Kolin, E. A., Price, L., & Zoob, I. (1964). Development of a sensation seeking scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 28, 477–482.
Farley, F. H. (1967). Social desirability and dimensionality in the sensation seeking scale. Acta Psychologica, 26, 89–96.
Arnett, J. (1994). Sensation seeking: a new scale and a new conceptualisation. Personality and Individual Di€erences,16(2), 289–296.

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