Generalized Exchange Orientation Scale 广义交换关系取向量表

简介

广义交换关系取向（generalized exchange orientation）用来捕捉个体对遵守组织内集体互惠规则的信念差异。由于不同形式的社会交换—谈判交换、互惠交换和广义交换是由不同的调节规则所控制的，因此我们认为，个人在应用这些不同的规则时可以有不同的信念。

Yoshikawa等(2020)将这些个体差异分别定义为协商交换取向(negotiated exchange orientation, NEO)、互惠交换取向(reciprocal exchange orientation, REO)和广义交换取向(generalized exchange orientation, GEO)，并开发了社会交换取向量表(social exchange orientation Scale, SEOS)来评估这三种取向。

其中，广义交换关系取向可以根据三种不同的规则进行调节:真情回馈(paying it forward, PIF)、声誉回报(rewarding reputation, RR)和单边给予并期望得到间接回报(unilateral giving with an expectation of indirect reciprocation, UG)。

信度与效度

Yoshikawa等(2020)开发了社会交换取向量表(social exchange orientation Scale, SEOS)来评估这三种取向。具体地，直接为NEO开发题目；为UG、PIF和RR三种不同的通用交换规则分别开发题目，以评估二级概念GEO；对于REO，修订了之前的两项研究(Eisenberger et al., 1987; Eisenberger, Lynch, Aselage, & Rohdieck, 2004)。为5个构念(NEO、REO、UG、PIF和RR)每个开发了8道题目，总40道题目，再邀请研究者对题目进行归类提炼后，删除了两道题目，最终共38道题目。

先对量表进行因素分析，通过Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) 邀请全职员工参加调查，采用李克特七点计分法，共回收200份有效问卷（男性63%，平均年龄33.9, 平均工作经历6.6年）。使用最大似然估计法因素抽取方法和斜交旋转法进行探索性因素分析，以特征根大于1.0的准则确定因子个数，最终得到5个因素上的34道题，方差解释率为65.7%。

然后，再次检验量表的因素结构，并检验量表的理论效度，仍然是通过Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk)全职员工参加调查，之前参加过调查的人排除在外，共回收300份有效问卷（男性61%，平均年龄33.0, 平均工作经历6.2年）。调查问卷包括债权人意识形态和互惠戒心(creditor ideology and reciprocity wariness)、宜人性(agreeableness)、马基雅维利主义(Machiavellianism)、神经质(neuroticism)和信任(trust)，从38题问卷的五维度中，每个维度选择4道题进行调查。内部一致性系数分别为0 .84 (NEO), 0.90 (REO), .088 (UG), 0.92 (PIF)和0.91 (RR)。GEO的二阶验证性因素分析模型拟合较好(χ2=282.03, df=164, p=0.01, CFI=0.97, TLI=0.97, RMSEA =0.05, SRMR=0.05)。然后将债权人意识形态和互惠戒心加入模型，拟合程度也很好(χ2=662.58, df= 364, p=0.01, CFI=0.96, TLI=0.95, RMSEA=0.05, SRMR=0.06)。通过相关分析和回归分析，也证明了社会交换取向量表的因素效度和理论效度。

然后，检验量表的区分效度，通过Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk)收集了两次数据，第一次收集SEOS、亲社会取向和人口统计特征，两周后，收集自我报告的组织公民行为。共回收205份有效问卷。GEO, NEO, 和REO的量表与上次调查相同，内部一致性系数分别为0.80 NEO; 0.90 REO; 0.78 GEO。调查问卷还包括组织公民行为(OCB-I和OCB-O)、债权人意识形态和互惠戒心(creditor ideology and reciprocity wariness)以及亲社会取向(prosocial orientations)。通过一系列的验证性因素分析，表明GEO能够明显区分于与其他亲社会取向变量。并且，通过相关和回归分析，发现GEO在预测个体的公民行为上有更强的解释力，NEO和GEO在预测个体行为上比现有的测量工具更有效，进一步证明了NEO、REO和GEO与个体公民行为的不同关系。

最后，对量表进行跨文化的验证，首先，在美国和日本对量表进行跨文化验证，然后在日本情境下，重复上阶段的研究，检验GEO在预测组织公民行为上的增量效度。研究结果再次证明了GEO对组织公民行为的显著影响，为GEO对个体行为的独特解释力提供了有力的支持。

量表

请您根据自己的实际感受和体会，用下面20项描述进行评价和判断，并在最符合的数字上划○。评价和判断的标准如下： 1=非常不满意，7=非常满意。

1.At work, it generally pays to clarify rewards before making extra efforts for others.
2.If I do not ask for something in return before doing something for others at work, I will be taken advantage of.
3.When I ask someone to help me with work, I should ask him/her what he/she wants in return.
4.I hesitate to ask colleagues to do something extra for me unless I can offer concrete benefits in exchange.
5.When I receive support from a colleague, I should remember to give something back to him/her.
6.If someone in the workplace does me a favor, I feel obliged to repay him/her in some way.
7.If someone does something for me, I feel the need to do something for him/her.
8.At work, I always repay someone who has done me a favor.
9.I think kindness to others in the workplace will eventually come back to me in some way.
10.It is right to help others at work, as I will receive help from someone in the future.
11.My efforts for colleagues will be rewarded by someone at some point, if not immediately.
12.I am happy to do favors for others at work, as I will someday need a favor from someone.
13.When I receive support from a colleague, I should provide support to others in the workplace.
14.When someone in the workplace makes extra efforts for me, I often start thinking what I can do for others.
15.Receiving kindness from someone in the workplace makes me feel I should do something for others.
16.When I receive someone’s favor at work, I want to repay the debt by doing a favor for others.
17.At work, I should be kind to those who are kind to others. 
18.I believe those who often go the extra mile for others at work deserve my effort to help them.
19.When a colleague who often gives support to others is in trouble, I should do something for him/her.
20.When I find someone in the workplace helping others, I feel I should offer help when he/she needs.

下载WORD版问卷：文件:GEOS.doc

计分方法

广义交换关系取向量表共20道题，包括NEO、REO和GEO三个维度，其中，GEO包括PIF、RR和UG三个维度。

NEO共4道题，包括第1-4题；

REO共4道题，包括第5-8题；

UG共4道题，包括第9-12题；

PIF共4道题，包括第13-16题；

RR共4道题，包括第17-20题。

可以计算平均分或总分。

量表出处

Yoshikawa, K., Wu, C.-H., & Lee, H.-J. (2020). Generalized Exchange Orientation: Conceptualization and Scale Development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(3), 294-311.

参考文献

Eisenberger, R., Cotterell, N., & Marvel, J. (1987). Reciprocation ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 743–750.

Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 787–799.

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