查看“Risk Attitude Scale风险态度量表（Weber等，2002）”的源代码

== 简介 ==
风险态度（Risk Attitude）是指一种描述性的标签，用于推定作为一个人选择的基础的效用函数的形状。一个人的风险态度描述了他或她的效用函数的形状。个体对风险的态度存在区别，已有研究对于个体在风险态度方面的测量有所缺陷。Weber等(2002)提供了一种新的风险态度量表，能够让研究人员和实践中的从业者在六个常见的内容领域中评估传统风险态度（conventional risk attitudes）和感知风险态度（perceived-risk attitudes）。
<br>对于许多应用来说，如果风险态度只是为了预测目的而被测量，风险承担的个人或领域差异的原因是无关紧要的。在这些情况下，附录C中提供的“风险行为”工具的一个或多个子量表就足够了。然而，如果衡量风险态度的目的是影响观察到的行为（即说服个人或团体做出更多的风险厌恶或更多的风险寻求选择），风险承担差异的原因就变得很重要。在这种情况下，需要评估传统的风险态度（来自风险行为量表）和感知风险态度（通过回归风险和行为得分对感知风险和收益的影响;参见附录D中的规模说明），以查明是否观察和期望行为之间的差异是（可能不现实的）对风险或利益的看法或对感知风险的（可能不合适的）态度的结果。

== 信度与效度 ==
总共进行了三个研究。研究1描述了Weber等（2002）风险态度量表alpha版本的构建，其中包括五个内容领域：金融（Financial），健康/安全(Health/safety)，伦理（Ethics），娱乐（Recreational），社会（Social），10个项目子量表；研究2记录了该量表的区分和聚合效度（discriminant and convergent validity）以及重测信度（test–retest reliability）。 根据研究1和2的结果，研究3提供了量表的beta版本，其中8个项目分为四个内容领域：健康/安全，伦理，社会和娱乐风险，和两个4项目子量表，将金融风险分为投资和赌博两个组成部分。
<br>总共有121名参与者参加了研究1，参与者填写了研究1中开发的50项风险行为和风险感知量表（the 50-item Risk-Behavior and Risk-Perception scales）。他们还评估了他们期望从每个风险行为中获得的好处。为了验证受访者在风险行为量表上报告的行为意图，研究者使用从1（“从不”）到3（“多次”）的三分评级量表,收集了受访者过去五个内容领域中常见风险行为频率的自我报告。此外，研究者观察了受访者在实验室“赌场”环境中进行的一系列五大风险货币决策，并填答问卷调查表。
<br>研究者对于在一个月的间隔内完成风险行为量表的参与者，进行了两次测试，以测量量表的重测信度。重测信度与风险感知量表是相似的，金融和社会分量表的信度值较低（分别为0.42和0.47），但健康、伦理和娱乐分量表的信度值较高（分别为0.66,0.67和0.56）。在效度方面，平均相关系数为0.49。

== 量表 ==
alpha版本
<br>For each of the following statements, please indicate the likelihood of engaging in each activity. Provide a rating from 1 to 5, using the following scale:
<br>1=Extremely unlikely; 3=Not sure; 5=Extremely likely
<br>1. _______ Admitting that your tastes are different from those of your friends. (S)
<br>2. _______ Arguing with a friend who has a very different opinion on an issue. (S)
<br>3. _______ Asking your boss for a raise. (S)
<br>4. _______ Betting a day’s income at the horse races. (F)
<br>5. _______ Buying an illegal drug for your own use. (E)
<br>6. _______ Chasing a tornado by car to take photos that you can sell to the press. (R)
<br>7. _______ Cheating a fair amount on your income tax. (E)
<br>8. _______ Cheating on an exam. (E)
<br>9. _______ Co-signing a new car loan for a friend. (F)
<br>10. _______ Dating someone that you are working with. (S)
<br>11. _______ Deciding to share an apartment with someone you don’t know well. (S)
<br>12. _______ Disagreeing with your father on a major issue. (S)
<br>13. _______ Driving home after you had three drinks in the last two hours. (E)
<br>14. _______ Eating ‘expired’ food products that still ‘look okay’. (H)
<br>15. _______ Exploring an unknown city or section of town. (R)
<br>16. _______ Forging somebody’s signature. (E)
<br>17. _______ Frequent binge drinking. (H)
<br>18. _______ Going camping in the wild. (R)
<br>19. _______ Going down a ski run that is too hard or closed. (R)
<br>20. _______ Going on a safari in Kenya. (R)
<br>21. _______ Going on a two-week vacation in a foreign country without booking accommodations ahead. (R)
<br>22. _______ Going whitewater rafting at high water in the spring. (R)
<br>23. _______ Ignoring some persistent physical pain by not going to the doctor. (H)
<br>24. _______ Illegally copying a piece of software. (E)
<br>25. _______ Taking a medical drug that has a high likelihood of negative side effects. (H)
<br>26. _______ Traveling on a commercial airplane. (R)
<br>27. _______ Plagiarizing a term paper. (E)
<br>28. _______ Engaging in unprotected sex. (H)
<br>29. _______ Investing 10% of your annual income in a blue chip stock. (F)
<br>30. _______ Investing 10% of your annual income in a very speculative stock. (F)
<br>31. _______ Investing 10% of your annual income in government bonds (treasury bills). (F)
<br>32. _______ Investing in a business that has a good chance of failing. (F)
<br>33. _______ Lending a friend an amount of money equivalent to one month’s income. (F)
<br>34. _______ Moving to a new city. (S)
<br>35. _______ Never using sunscreen when you sunbathe. (H)
<br>36. _______ Never wearing a seatbelt. (H)
<br>37. _______ Not having a smoke alarm in or outside of your bedroom. (H)
<br>38. _______ Openly disagreeing with your boss in front of your coworkers. (S)
<br>39. _______ Periodically engaging in a dangerous sport (e.g. mountain climbing or sky diving). (R)
<br>40. _______ Regularly riding your bicycle without a helmet. (H)
<br>41. _______ Shoplifting a small item (e.g. a lipstick or a pen). (E)
<br>42. _______ Smoking a pack of cigarettes per day. (H)
<br>43. _______ Speaking your mind about an unpopular issue at a social occasion. (S)
<br>44. _______ Spending money impulsively without thinking about the consequences. (F)
<br>45. _______ Stealing an additional TV cable connection. (E)
<br>46. _______ Taking a day’s income to play the slot-machines at a casino. (F)
<br>47. _______ Taking a job where you get paid exclusively on a commission basis. (F)
<br>48. _______ Trying bungee jumping. (R)
<br>49. _______ Using office supplies for your personal business. (E)
<br>50. _______ Wearing unconventional clothes. (S)
<br>Note: E=ethical, F=financial, H=health/safety, R=recreational, and S=social items.
<br>beta版本
<br>For each of the following statements, please indicate your likelihood of engaging in each activity or behavior. Provide a rating from 1 to 5, using the following scale:
<br>1=Very unlikely；2=Unlikely；3=Not sure；4=Likely；5=Very likely
<br>1. Admitting that your tastes are different from those of your friends. (S) _______
<br>2. Going camping in the wilderness, beyond the civilization of a campground. (R) _______
<br>3. Betting a day’s income at the horse races. (G) _______
<br>4. Buying an illegal drug for your own use. (H) _______
<br>5. Cheating on an exam. (E) _______
<br>6. Chasing a tornado or hurricane by car to take dramatic photos. (R) _______
<br>7. Investing 10% of your annual income in a moderate growth mutual fund. (I) _______
<br>8. Consuming five or more servings of alcohol in a single evening. (H) _______
<br>9. Cheating by a significant amount on your income tax return. (E) _______
<br>10. Disagreeing with your father on a major issue. (S) _______
<br>11. Betting a day’s income at a high stake poker game. (G) _______
<br>12. Having an affair with a married man or woman. (E) _______
<br>13. Forging somebody’s signature. (E) _______
<br>14. Passing off somebody else’s work as your own. (E) _______
<br>15. Going on a vacation in a third-world country without prearranged travel and hotel accommodations. (R) _______
<br>16. Arguing with a friend about an issue on which he or she has a very different opinion. (S) _______
<br>17. Going down a ski run that is beyond your ability or closed. (R) _______
<br>18. Investing 5% of your annual income in a very speculative stock. (I) _______
<br>19. Approaching your boss to ask for a raise. (S) _______
<br>20. Illegally copying a piece of software. (E) _______
<br>21. Going whitewater rafting during rapid water flows in the spring. (R) _______
<br>22. Betting a day’s income on the outcome of a sporting event (e.g. baseball, soccer, or football). (G) _______
<br>23. Telling a friend if his or her significant other has made a pass at you. (S) _______
<br>24. Investing 5% of your annual income in a conservative stock. (I) _______
<br>25. Shoplifting a small item (e.g. a lipstick or a pen). (E) _______
<br>26. Wearing provocative or unconventional clothes on occasion. (S) _______
<br>27. Engaging in unprotected sex. (H) _______
<br>28. Stealing an additional TV cable connection off the one you pay for. (E) _______
<br>29. Not wearing a seatbelt when being a passenger in the front seat. (H) _______
<br>30. Investing 10% of your annual income in government bonds (treasury bills). (I) _______
<br>31. Periodically engaging in a dangerous sport (e.g. mountain climbing or sky diving). (R) _______
<br>32. Not wearing a helmet when riding a motorcycle. (H) _______
<br>33. Gambling a week’s income at a casino. (G) _______
<br>34. Taking a job that you enjoy over one that is prestigious but less enjoyable. (S) _______
<br>35. Defending an unpopular issue that you believe in at a social occasion. (S) _______
<br>36. Exposing yourself to the sun without using sunscreen. (H) _______
<br>37. Trying out bungee jumping at least once. (R) _______
<br>38. Piloting your own small plane, if you could. (R) _______
<br>39. Walking home alone at night in a somewhat unsafe area of town. (H) _______
<br>40. Regularly eating high cholesterol foods. (H) _______
<br>Note: E=ethical,I=investment,G=gambling,H=health/safety,R=recreational,and S=social items.

== 计分方法 ==
Weber等（2002）制定的风险态度量表（Risk Attitude Scale）包括alpha版本和beta版本，都采用李克特五点计分法。
<br>alpha版本包括伦理（ethical）,金融（financial）,健康/安全（health/safety）,娱乐（recreational）,以及社会（social）5个内容范围的50个项目。1=极端不相似（Extremely unlikely）；3=不太确定（Not sure）；5=极端相似（Extremely likely）。
<br>beta版本包括伦理（ethical）, 投资（investment）,赌博（gambling）,健康/安全（health/safety）,娱乐（recreational）,以及社会（social）4个内容范围的40个项目。1=非常不相似（Very unlikely）；2=不相似（Unlikely）；3=不太确定（Not sure）；4=相似（Likely）；5=非常相似（Very likely）。

== 量表出处 ==
Weber, E. U., Blais, A.-R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale:Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15,263–290.

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