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Feelings of envy—the emotion that surfaces when one lacks and desires others’ superior qualities, achievements, or possessions (Parrott & Smith, 1993).
The experience of envy has been conceptualized in three related ways: as situational—that is, as general envy of others in an environment, typically a work context or team, involving multiple referents or comparators (e.g., Duffy & Shaw, 2000); as dispositional (e.g., Smith, Parrott, Diener, Hoyle, & Kim, 1999); and as specific and episodic, involving a specific individual as a referent (e.g., Cohen-Charash, 2009). This scale that we are taling about takes the first view: that individuals can and do make invidious social comparisons with others in their immediate environment (Vecchio, 1995, 2005).