查看“Embeddedness Scale 嵌入性量表”的源代码

== 简介 ==
Mark & Leon (2016) outlined how both relational and institutional embeddedness. Relational embeddedness describes the personal relationships people have developed with each other through a history of interactions (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). The literature has identified a number of key facets of relational embeddedness, including interpersonal trust, continued collaboration, and reputation (Carson, Madhok, & Wu, 2006). Institutional embeddedness has been defined as the nesting of economic and strategic activity within an institutional environment. The institutional environment of firms and markets refers to the social and normative context surrounding them, in particular, those external influences that define socially acceptable economic behavior (Oliver, 1996).

In line with the extant conceptualizations of relational and institutional embeddedness in the literature, they focused on frequency of past collaboration, trust, and prevalence of industry norms as different facets of embeddedness.

Mark & Leon (2016) invited the entire population of German construction corporations with more than 1,000 employees (a total of 55 firms) to participate in the study. Top managers from 17 of these firms agreed that their organization would participate in the study, yielding a firm-level response rate of 31%. Within these corporations, 102 construction projects that were carried out within 52 regional organizational units throughout Germany are included. Within the regional units they collected data on 223 such transactions within different projects. On average, our sample contains six projects per corporation, two projects per regional unit, and two individual buyer-supplier transactions per construction project.

== 信度与效度 ==
Industry norms’ Cronbach ’ s α : 0.87<br>
Trust’ Cronbach’s α: 0.84

== 量表 ==
请您根据自己的实际感受和体会，用下面6项描述进行评价和判断，并在最符合的数字上划○。评价和判断的标准如下： 
1 从未/非常不同意 2 偶尔/不同意	3 有时/有点不同意 4 经常/有点同意 5 不太频繁/同意 6 很频繁/非常同意

1.How often has your organization/firm collaborated with this supplier in the past?<br>
2.The way in which this product or service is to be produced is heavily regulated by (voluntarily applied) industry norms (e.g., ISO norms)<br>
3.The assessment of whether or not the finished product or service is acceptable to a large extent is based on (voluntarily applied) industry norms (e.g., ISO norms)<br>
4.the selection of task inputs.<br>
5.the quantity and quality of task performance.<br>
6.meeting deadlines.<br>

下载WORD版问卷：[[文件:ES.doc]]

== 计分方法 ==
Past collaboration,how often a firm had collaborated with the same supplier in the past. （共1道题，即第1题）

Industry norms ,institutionalized expectations about appropriate behavior that are prevalent in, and can vary across, trades, industry segments and regions. (共2道题，具体包括第2、3题)

Trust ,what extent the buyer expected the sup- plier not to act opportunistically. (共3道题，具体包括第4、5、6题)

== 量表出处 ==
Ebers, M., & Oerlemans, L. (2013). The variety of governance structures beyond market and hierarchy. Journal of Management, 42, págs. 1491-1529.

[[category: 研究量表]][[category: 英文量表]]