查看“Communication Orientation Scale 沟通定位量表”的源代码

== 简介 ==
情境理论(Hall, 1959, 1976) 认为个体基于对关系的重视产生沟通定位(Communication Orientation)。在高情境中，个体依赖共识来传递信息。交往的主要目的是维持和谐和群体内成员的面子，关系和沟通密不可分，因为个体必须判断其他人是在群体内还是群体外，群体内的关系准则是什么，每一个人在沟通前的角色是什么(Coates ,1968). 在低情境中，人们期望个体有效传递消息。这种情境下更重视信息的交换而不是关系的维持。

Adair等完善了 Hall的模型来测试个体层面的定位，他们认为高情境中的个体倾向于遵循间接沟通方式，喜欢更模糊的方式。高情境中的个体更喜欢模糊的信息，在避免矛盾和分歧方面更关注情感。(Adair et al., 2009a, 2009b; Buchan, Adair, & Chen, 2010; Gudykunst et al., 1996; TingToomey, 1999).homas 和Au (2002)发现与新西兰（低情境）的参与者相比来自香港（高情境）的参与者不太可能通过与上级或同事讨论来应对组织问题。Botero 和 Van Dyne (2009)通过来自哥伦比亚和美国的样本发现权力距离高的个体不太可能向上级发表观点和建议。群体外成员的存在也会阻碍信息输入。这些研究中的关键逻辑是高情境沟通定位的个体不太可能表达意见，因为他们需要表现出服从，维持人际和谐，避免沟通。

== 信度与效度 ==
Ward, A. K等通过邮件给大约820位在美国东南部的大学学习管理课程大学生发了一个在线调查的链接，收到了494个回复，回复率为60.24%。测得平均值为3.3，标准差为0.36。

== 量表 ==
请您根据自己的实际感受和体会，请您根据自己的实际感受和体会，用下面20项描述对自己进行评价和判断，并在最符合的数字上划○。评价和判断的标准如下：
1 非常不同意 2 不同意 3 不好确定 4 同意 5 非常同意

1.I orient to people through my emotions.<br>
2.I use my feelings to determine how I should communicate.<br>
3.I catch on to what others mean even when they do not say it directly.<br>
4.I am able to recognize others’ subtle and indirect messages.<br>
5.Even if I do not receive a clear response from others, I can understand what they intended.<br>
6.I use silence to avoid upsetting others when we communicate.<br>
7.I avoid clear-cut expressions of feelings when I communicate with others.<br>
8.I use silence to imply my opinions.<br>
9.I can tell when someone has something to tell me but is apprehensive about discussing it.<br>
10.I am very good at knowing the feelings other people are experiencing.<br>
11.I can tell from another person’s behavior whether he or she likes me. <br>
12.When I argue, I avoid confrontation. <br>
13.When I disagree with someone, I avoid direct conflict. <br>
14.I generally avoid argument. <br>
15.I try to stay away from disagreement with another person.<br>
16.I try to keep my disagreement with others to myself in order to avoid hurt feelings.<br>
17.I try to avoid unpleasant exchanges. <br>
18.I argue my case to show the merits of my position.<br>
19.I am generally firm in pursuing my side of the issue.<br>
20.I assert my wishes.<br>

下载WORD版问卷：[[文件:Cos.doc]]

== 计分方法 ==
沟通定位量表总共20道题，可以计算这些题目的总分或平均分。

== 量表出处 ==
Ward, A. K., Ravlin, E. C., Klaas, B. S., Ployhart, R. E., & Buchan, N. R. (2016). When do high-context communicators speak up? exploring contextual communication orientation and employee voice. Journal of Applied Psychology..

== 参考文献 ==
Adair, W. L., Buchan, N. R., & Chen, X. P. (2009b, June 30). The meaning of context in communication: Reconceptualization and scale development. Paper presented at the Academy of International Business Meeting, San Diego, CA.

[[category: 研究量表]]